website annotate en/doc/handbook/system-admin.html @ rev 107

fixed typos in system-admin pages : tick.greyware.com is the right URL
for the time server, tick.grayware.com doesn't work
author tux@HarimaKenji
date Mon Jul 14 22:22:15 2008 +0200 (2008-07-14)
parents 16ab7f88b9d8
children 9e30e64c8198
rev   line source
pankso@7 1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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pankso@7 3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
pankso@7 4 <head>
pankso@7 5 <title>SliTaz Handbook (en) - System administration</title>
pankso@7 6 <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
pankso@7 7 <meta name="description" content="slitaz English handbook" />
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tux@107 9 <meta name="modified" content="2008-07-14 22:15:00" />
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pankso@7 11 <meta name="author" content="Christophe Lincoln"/>
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pankso@7 16
pankso@7 17 <!-- Header and quick navigation -->
pankso@7 18 <div id="header">
pankso@7 19 <div align="right" id="quicknav">
pankso@7 20 <a name="top"></a>
pankso@7 21 <a href="x-window.html">X Window System</a> |
pankso@7 22 <a href="index.html">Table of contents</a>
pankso@7 23 </div>
pankso@7 24 <h1><font color="#3E1220">SliTaz Handbook (en)</font></h1>
pankso@7 25 </div>
pankso@7 26
pankso@7 27 <!-- Content. -->
pankso@7 28 <div id="content">
pankso@7 29 <div class="content-right"></div>
pankso@7 30
pankso@7 31 <h2><font color="#df8f06">System administration</font></h2>
pankso@7 32
pankso@7 33 <ul>
pankso@7 34 <li><a href="#devices">Devices and disks access.</a></li>
pankso@7 35 <li><a href="#users-admin">Users, groups and passwords.</a></li>
pankso@7 36 <li><a href="#locale">Language and keyboard.</a></li>
pankso@16 37 <li><a href="#bash">Install the Bash shell.</a></li>
pankso@16 38 <li><a href="#time">Set the system time.</a></li>
paul@26 39 <li><a href="#cron">Execute scheduled commands.</a></li>
paul@26 40 <li><a href="#local.sh">Add commands at boot time.</a></li>
pankso@7 41 </ul>
pankso@7 42
pankso@7 43 <a name="devices"></a>
pankso@7 44 <h3>Devices and disks access</h3>
pankso@7 45 <p>
pankso@7 46 With Linux your disks and USB media are seen as devices. To access them you must
pankso@7 47 first mount a device on a mount point (directory). On SliTaz you can graphically
pankso@7 48 mount devices using <code>mountbox</code> or use the command line. To mount the
pankso@7 49 first disk of a local hard disk on <code>/mnt/disk</code>:
pankso@7 50 </p>
pankso@7 51 <pre>
pankso@7 52 # mkdir -p /mnt/disk
pankso@7 53 # mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/disk
pankso@7 54 </pre>
pankso@7 55 <p>
pankso@7 56 To mount a cdrom or an USB media you should use mount points located in
pankso@7 57 <code>/media</code>. Note that for a cdrom, you just have to specify
pankso@7 58 the device path and for a flash key the mount point already exists:
pankso@7 59 </p>
pankso@7 60 <pre>
pankso@7 61 # mount /dev/cdrom
pankso@7 62 # mount /dev/sda1 /media/flash
pankso@7 63 </pre>
pankso@7 64 <h4>ntfs filesystem</h4>
pankso@7 65 <p>
pankso@7 66 If you need read/write access to Windows ntfs filesystems you must install a
pankso@7 67 few additional packages from the mirror. The <code>ntfs-3g</code> driver
paul@23 68 provides stable access to ntfs partitions and <code>ntfsprogs</code> provides
pankso@7 69 manipulation tools dependent on Fuse. Note that you can format, move or resize
pankso@7 70 ntfs partitions graphically with Gparted.
pankso@7 71 </p>
pankso@7 72
pankso@7 73 <a name="users-admin"></a>
pankso@7 74 <h3>Users, groups and passwords</h3>
pankso@7 75 <p>
pankso@7 76 To manage users and groups on your SliTaz system you must use the command line,
pankso@7 77 but file permissions can be changed graphically using the emelFM2 file manager. To
pankso@7 78 add or remove users and groups you must be root. Root can also change all
pankso@7 79 user passwords and a single user can only change his/her own password. To add
pankso@7 80 or remove a user named linux:
pankso@7 81 </p>
paul@15 82 <pre>
paul@15 83 # adduser linux
pankso@7 84 # deluser linux
pankso@7 85 </pre>
pankso@7 86 <p>
pankso@7 87 To add or remove a group you must use <code>addgroup</code> or
pankso@7 88 <code>delgroup</code>. To change the current user password or change the
pankso@7 89 password of a specific user, you must use the command <code>passwd</code>:
pankso@7 90 </p>
paul@15 91 <pre>
paul@15 92 $ passwd
pankso@7 93 # passwd username
pankso@7 94 </pre>
paul@15 95 <h4>Audio group</h4>
paul@15 96 <p>
paul@15 97 If you want a new user to be able to listen to music he must be in the
paul@15 98 <code>audio</code> group. To add an existing user to the audio group:
paul@15 99 </p>
paul@15 100 <pre>
paul@15 101 # adduser -G audio user_name
paul@15 102 </pre>
pankso@7 103
pankso@7 104 <a name="locale"></a>
pankso@7 105 <h3>Language and keyboard layout</h3>
pankso@7 106 <p>
pankso@7 107 SliTaz saves the configuration of the default locale in <code>/etc/locale.conf</code>
pankso@7 108 which is read by <code>/etc/profile</code> on each login and the keyboard
pankso@7 109 setting is stored in <code>/etc/kmap.conf</code>. These two files can be
pankso@7 110 edited with your favorite editor or configured respectively with
pankso@7 111 <code>tazlocale</code> and <code>tazkmap</code>. You can modify the settings
pankso@7 112 you chose on the first boot by typing as root administrator:
pankso@7 113 </p>
pankso@7 114 <pre>
pankso@7 115 # tazlocale
pankso@7 116 Or:
pankso@7 117 # tazkmap
pankso@7 118 </pre>
pankso@7 119 <p>
pankso@7 120 To check all available locales or your current configuration you can use the
pankso@7 121 command <code>locale</code> as a single user or root (C for English):
pankso@7 122 </p>
paul@15 123 <pre>
paul@15 124 $ locale -a
pankso@7 125 $ locale
pankso@7 126 </pre>
paul@15 127
pankso@7 128 <a name="bash"></a>
pankso@7 129 <h3>Bash Shell</h3>
pankso@7 130 <p>
pankso@7 131 On SliTaz you have the ash and sh shell with a link to Ash, this shell is
pankso@7 132 provided by Busybox. If you wish to use the Bash (Bourne Again SHell), first
pankso@7 133 as <code>su</code> install bash, copy the <code>.profile</code> found in your
pankso@7 134 home directory and rename it <code>.bashrc</code>, then edit the
pankso@7 135 <code>/etc/passwd</code> file with your favorite text editor and change your
pankso@16 136 shell to :/bin/bash
pankso@7 137 </p>
pankso@7 138 <pre>
pankso@7 139 # tazpkg get-install bash
pankso@7 140 # cp /home/hacker/.profile home/hacker/.bashrc
pankso@7 141 # Note root user: cp /home/hacker/.profile ~/.bashrc
pankso@7 142 # nano /etc/passwd # :/bin/bash
pankso@7 143 </pre>
pankso@7 144 <p>
pankso@7 145 The next time you login bash will be your default shell, you can confirm this
pankso@7 146 by typing <code>env</code> in the command line.
pankso@7 147 </p>
pankso@7 148
pankso@7 149 <a name="time"></a>
pankso@7 150 <h3>System Time</h3>
pankso@7 151 <p>
pankso@7 152 To know the current system time, you can simply type <code>date</code>. On
pankso@7 153 SliTaz, the timezone configuration file is saved in <code>/etc/TZ</code>, you
pankso@7 154 can edit with your favorite text editor or simply <code>echo</code> the changes.
pankso@7 155 Here's an example using the timezone Europe/London:
pankso@7 156 </p>
paul@15 157 <pre>
paul@15 158 # echo "Europe/London" &gt; /etc/TZ
pankso@7 159 </pre>
pankso@7 160 <h4>Rdate</h4>
pankso@7 161 <p>
pankso@7 162 To syncronize the system clock with a network time server, you can as the
pankso@7 163 <code>root</code> administrator use the <code>rdate -s</code> command:
pankso@7 164 </p>
pankso@7 165 <pre>
tux@107 166 # rdate -s tick.greyware.com
pankso@7 167 </pre>
pankso@7 168 <p>
pankso@7 169 To display the time on the remote server, use the <code>rdate -p</code> command.
pankso@7 170 </p>
tux@107 171 <pre> $ rdate -p tick.greyware.com
pankso@7 172 </pre>
pankso@7 173 <h4>Hwclock</h4>
pankso@7 174 <p>
pankso@7 175 Hwclock allows you to syncronize the time of your hardware clock to the system
pankso@7 176 clock or vice versa.
pankso@7 177 </p>
pankso@7 178 <p>
pankso@7 179 Syncronize the system clock to the hardware clock ( --utc = universal time,
pankso@7 180 -l = local time):
pankso@7 181 </p>
pankso@7 182 <pre>
pankso@7 183 # hwclock -w --utc
pankso@7 184 </pre>
pankso@7 185 <p>
pankso@7 186 Syncronize the hardware clock to the system clock:
pankso@7 187 </p>
pankso@7 188 <pre>
pankso@7 189 # hwclock -s --utc
pankso@7 190 </pre>
pankso@7 191
paul@26 192 <a name="cron"></a>
paul@26 193 <h3>Execute scheduled commands</h3>
paul@26 194 <p>
paul@26 195 The daemon 'crond' allows you to run commands automatically at a scheduled specific date or time. This is very
paul@26 196 useful for routine tasks such as system administration. The directory cron uses is
paul@26 197 <code>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</code>.
paul@26 198 </p>
paul@26 199 <p>
paul@26 200 Each user of the system can have his/her own tasks, they are defined in the file: <code>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/user</code>.
paul@26 201 The crontab utility allows you amongst other things, to list the tasks specific to the user. The syntax of the
paul@26 202 files is as follows:
paul@26 203 </p>
paul@26 204 <pre class="script">mm hh dd MMM DDD command &gt; log
paul@26 205 </pre>
paul@26 206 <p>
paul@26 207 We will create a file with root priviledges and test the daemon 'crond' with a task performed every minute -
paul@26 208 writing the date to a file /tmp/crond.test. It should be noted that the utility has an option
paul@26 209 <code>crontab</code> for editing cron file using 'vi', this is not provided by SliTaz. In it's place you can use
paul@26 210 GNU nano (&lt;Ctrl+X&gt; to save &amp; exit):
paul@26 211 </p>
paul@26 212 <pre> # nano /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
paul@26 213 </pre>
paul@26 214 <pre class="script">* * * * * date &gt;&gt; /tmp/crond.test
paul@26 215 </pre>
paul@26 216 <p>
paul@26 217 Launch <code>crond</code> with the option <code>-b</code> (background),
paul@26 218 configured via <code>/etc/daemons.conf</code> and using the startup script:
paul@26 219 </p>
paul@26 220 <pre> # /etc/init.d/crond start
paul@26 221 </pre>
paul@26 222 <p>
paul@26 223 You can wait a few minutes and view the contents of the file: /tmp/crond.test... OK:
paul@26 224 </p>
paul@26 225 <pre> # cat /tmp/crond.test
paul@26 226 </pre>
paul@26 227 <p>
paul@26 228 To stop or restart the daemon crond:
paul@26 229 </p>
paul@26 230 <pre> # /etc/init.d/crond stop
paul@26 231 Or :
paul@26 232 # /etc/init.d/crond restart
paul@26 233 </pre>
paul@26 234 <h4>Invoke the daemon crond on every boot</h4>
paul@26 235 <p>
paul@26 236 To launch the daemon 'crond' each time you boot the system, just add it to the variable <code>START_DAEMONS</code>
paul@26 237 in the configuration file <code>/etc/rcS.conf</code>, either before or after the web server or SSH server.
paul@26 238 </p>
paul@26 239
paul@26 240 <a name="local.sh"></a>
paul@26 241 <h3>Add commands to be executed at boot</h3>
paul@26 242 <p>
paul@26 243 During the boot process, various scripts are executed to configure services, such as the start of the
paul@26 244 web server, networking etc. On SliTaz there is a script <code>/etc/init.d/local.sh</code> which allows
paul@26 245 you to add commands to be launched at system startup. You can also create new scripts in /etc/init.d,
paul@26 246 their links in /etc/rc.scripts for shell scripts and use /etc/rc.d for links to the startup script daemon in
paul@26 247 /etc/rcS.conf:
paul@26 248 </p>
paul@26 249 <pre> # nano /etc/init.d/local.sh
paul@26 250 </pre>
paul@26 251
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