website annotate en/doc/handbook/cmdline.html @ rev 107
fixed typos in system-admin pages : tick.greyware.com is the right URL
for the time server, tick.grayware.com doesn't work
for the time server, tick.grayware.com doesn't work
| author | tux@HarimaKenji |
|---|---|
| date | Mon Jul 14 22:22:15 2008 +0200 (2008-07-14) |
| parents | f403f906fe04 |
| children | 9e30e64c8198 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| paul@95 | 1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" |
| paul@95 | 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> |
| paul@95 | 3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> |
| paul@95 | 4 <head> |
| paul@95 | 5 <title>SliTaz Handbook (en) - Commands</title> |
| paul@95 | 6 <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> |
| paul@95 | 7 <meta name="description" content="slitaz English handbook" /> |
| paul@95 | 8 <meta name="expires" content="never" /> |
| paul@95 | 9 <meta name="modified" content="2008-02-26 18:30:00" /> |
| paul@95 | 10 <meta name="publisher" content="www.slitaz.org" /> |
| paul@95 | 11 <meta name="author" content="Christophe Lincoln"/> |
| paul@95 | 12 <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" /> |
| paul@95 | 13 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="book.css" /> |
| paul@95 | 14 </head> |
| paul@95 | 15 <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> |
| paul@95 | 16 |
| paul@95 | 17 <!-- Header and quick navigation --> |
| paul@95 | 18 <div id="header"> |
| paul@95 | 19 <div align="right" id="quicknav"> |
| paul@95 | 20 <a name="top"></a> |
| paul@95 | 21 <a href="install.html">Installation</a> | |
| paul@95 | 22 <a href="index.html">Table of contents</a> |
| paul@95 | 23 </div> |
| paul@95 | 24 <h1><font color="#3E1220">SliTaz Handbook (en)</font></h1> |
| paul@95 | 25 </div> |
| paul@95 | 26 |
| paul@95 | 27 <!-- Content. --> |
| paul@95 | 28 <div id="content"> |
| paul@95 | 29 <div class="content-right"></div> |
| paul@95 | 30 |
| paul@95 | 31 <h2><font color="#DF8F06">Command Line Reference (<em>cmdline</em>)</font></h2> |
| paul@95 | 32 |
| paul@95 | 33 <ul> |
| paul@95 | 34 <li><a href="#intro">Introduction to the commands.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 35 <li><a href="#help">Help and list available commands.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 36 <li><a href="#ls">List the files in a directory.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 37 <li><a href="#cd">Moving around directories.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 38 <li><a href="#cp">Copy files.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 39 <li><a href="#mkdir">Create a new directory.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 40 <li><a href="#rm">Remove files or directories.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 41 <li><a href="#read">View the files.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 42 <li><a href="#edit">Edit files in ncurses mode.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 43 <li><a href="#cat">Cat</a> - Edit a line of commands.</li> |
| paul@95 | 44 <li><a href="#web-nav">Navigate the web.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 45 <li><a href="#irc-chat">Chat on IRC channels.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 46 <li><a href="#wget">Download files.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 47 <li><a href="#partitions">List the available partitions.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 48 <li><a href="#mount">Mount a partition, cdrom or USB key.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 49 <li><a href="#halt">Halt the system or Reboot.</a></li> |
| paul@95 | 50 </ul> |
| paul@95 | 51 |
| paul@95 | 52 <a name="intro"></a> |
| paul@95 | 53 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Introduction to the commands</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 54 <p> |
| paul@95 | 55 This document is intended as a quick reference for using commands on SliTaz via |
| paul@95 | 56 a Linux terminal or a graphical terminal (xterm). There are many GNU/Linux commands |
| paul@95 | 57 for file handling, system maintenance or network management. You can also browse |
| paul@95 | 58 the web, chat on IRC, download files, edit scripts or even play games in text mode. |
| paul@95 | 59 Note it is necessary to operate in <em>root</em> to assemble the hard drive or cdrom. |
| paul@95 | 60 You can use the command <code>su</code> to become system administrator. |
| paul@95 | 61 </p> |
| paul@95 | 62 <a name="help"></a> |
| paul@95 | 63 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Help and list available commands</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 64 <p> |
| paul@95 | 65 Most GNU/Linux system commands have an option for assisting information on |
| paul@95 | 66 their use. For support on the use of a command it is necessary to type the |
| paul@95 | 67 command followed by the <code>--help</code> option. Example using the |
| paul@95 | 68 <code>cp</code> command to copy files: |
| paul@95 | 69 </p> |
| paul@95 | 70 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 71 $ cp --help |
| paul@95 | 72 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 73 <p> |
| paul@95 | 74 To list all the commands available on the system, you can simply press the |
| paul@95 | 75 Tab button to the left of the keyboard twice. For commands provided by the |
| paul@95 | 76 Busybox utility you can type <code>busybox --help</code>. |
| paul@95 | 77 </p> |
| paul@95 | 78 |
| paul@95 | 79 <a name="ls"></a> |
| paul@95 | 80 <h3><font color="#6c0023">List the files in a directory</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 81 <p> |
| paul@95 | 82 To list the files and folders contained in a directory, you can use the |
| paul@95 | 83 <code>ls</code> command. For all options remember to use the <code>--help</code> |
| paul@95 | 84 flag. To simply list the files in the current directory: |
| paul@95 | 85 </p> |
| paul@95 | 86 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 87 $ ls |
| paul@95 | 88 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 89 <p> |
| paul@95 | 90 List all the files using the <code>-al</code> option: |
| paul@95 | 91 </p> |
| paul@95 | 92 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 93 $ ls -al |
| paul@95 | 94 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 95 <p> |
| paul@95 | 96 List a directory: |
| paul@95 | 97 </p> |
| paul@95 | 98 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 99 $ ls /home/slitaz |
| paul@95 | 100 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 101 |
| paul@95 | 102 <a name="cd"></a> |
| paul@95 | 103 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Moving around directories</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 104 <p> |
| paul@95 | 105 To browse to the files you can use the <code>cd</code> command: |
| paul@95 | 106 </p> |
| paul@95 | 107 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 108 $ cd /usr/share/doc |
| paul@95 | 109 Back to the parent directory: |
| paul@95 | 110 $ cd .. |
| paul@95 | 111 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 112 <p> |
| paul@95 | 113 To go into the directory of the user (root = /root): |
| paul@95 | 114 </p> |
| paul@95 | 115 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 116 $ cd |
| paul@95 | 117 Or : |
| paul@95 | 118 $ cd ~ |
| paul@95 | 119 Or : |
| paul@95 | 120 $ cd $HOME |
| paul@95 | 121 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 122 |
| paul@95 | 123 <a name="cp"></a> |
| paul@95 | 124 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Copy files</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 125 <p> |
| paul@95 | 126 The <code>cp</code> command copies files or folders. The example copies the |
| paul@95 | 127 info.txt file in the current directory into the Documents directory: |
| paul@95 | 128 </p> |
| paul@95 | 129 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 130 $ cp info.txt Documents/ |
| paul@95 | 131 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 132 <p> |
| paul@95 | 133 Copy a whole directory. Here the command copies the Templates directory |
| paul@95 | 134 into /home/hacker: |
| paul@95 | 135 </p> |
| paul@95 | 136 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 137 $ cp -a Templates /home/hacker |
| paul@95 | 138 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 139 |
| paul@95 | 140 <a name="mkdir"></a> |
| paul@95 | 141 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Create a new directory</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 142 <p> |
| paul@95 | 143 This command will create a new directory. The following command creates a |
| paul@95 | 144 directory called Projects. It will be created in the directory /home of the |
| paul@95 | 145 current user or in the directory which one is in. Note you can display |
| paul@95 | 146 your current working directory with the <code>pwd</code> command: |
| paul@95 | 147 </p> |
| paul@95 | 148 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 149 $ mkdir Projects |
| paul@95 | 150 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 151 <p> |
| paul@95 | 152 Creation of a directory named script-1.0 in the Projects folder: |
| paul@95 | 153 </p> |
| paul@95 | 154 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 155 $ mkdir Projects/script-1.0 |
| paul@95 | 156 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 157 <p> |
| paul@95 | 158 You can also create a directory tree with the <code>-p</code> parents option: |
| paul@95 | 159 </p> |
| paul@95 | 160 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 161 $ mkdir -p one/two/three/four |
| paul@95 | 162 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 163 |
| paul@95 | 164 <a name="rm"></a> |
| paul@95 | 165 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Delete files or directories</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 166 <p> |
| paul@95 | 167 The command <code>rm</code> lets you delete a file. Let's remove the |
| paul@95 | 168 file work.txt which is in the current directory: |
| paul@95 | 169 </p> |
| paul@95 | 170 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 171 $ rm work.txt |
| paul@95 | 172 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 173 <p> |
| paul@95 | 174 The command <code>rm</code> has several options. To delete a directory and |
| paul@95 | 175 it's contents, we use the <code>-rf</code> option. |
| paul@95 | 176 Example: |
| paul@95 | 177 </p> |
| paul@95 | 178 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 179 $ rm -rf /home/hacker/Templates |
| paul@95 | 180 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 181 <p> |
| paul@99 | 182 Note you can also use the <code>-i</code> option to remove files or directories and their contents interactively: |
| paul@95 | 183 </p> |
| paul@100 | 184 <pre> |
| paul@100 | 185 $ rm -ir /home/hacker/Templates |
| paul@100 | 186 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 187 |
| paul@95 | 188 <a name="read"></a> |
| paul@95 | 189 <h3><font color="#6c0023">View files</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 190 <p> |
| paul@95 | 191 To read the contents of a file or script, you can use the |
| paul@95 | 192 <code>less</code>, <code>more</code> or <code>cat</code> commands, or the web |
| paul@95 | 193 browser Retawq. Examples with a README file, essential.txt, and |
| paul@95 | 194 script.sh: |
| paul@95 | 195 </p> |
| paul@95 | 196 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 197 $ less -EM essential.txt |
| paul@95 | 198 or : |
| paul@95 | 199 $ more README |
| paul@95 | 200 or : |
| paul@95 | 201 $ cat /path/to/script.sh |
| paul@95 | 202 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 203 <p> |
| paul@95 | 204 Display a text or html file with the web browser Retawq: |
| paul@95 | 205 </p> |
| paul@95 | 206 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 207 $ retawq /usr/share/doc/index.html |
| paul@95 | 208 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 209 |
| paul@95 | 210 <a name="edit"></a> |
| paul@95 | 211 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Edit files</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 212 <p> |
| paul@95 | 213 Editing text files, scripts, configuration files etc, can be done easily using |
| paul@95 | 214 the text editor GNU Nano in a console or graphical terminal. |
| paul@95 | 215 Example with a file bookmarks.html (<Ctrl+X> to quit |
| paul@95 | 216 and save): |
| paul@95 | 217 </p> |
| paul@95 | 218 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 219 $ nano Public/bookmarks.html |
| paul@95 | 220 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 221 |
| paul@95 | 222 <a name="cat"></a> |
| paul@95 | 223 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Cat</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 224 <p> |
| paul@95 | 225 You can use the <code>cat</code> command to create various text files. EOF signifies |
| paul@95 | 226 End Of File, this is where the file ends. Example with a file packages.list, this |
| paul@95 | 227 removes the current contents of the file and lets you add some new text: |
| paul@95 | 228 </p> |
| paul@95 | 229 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 230 $ cat > packages.list << "EOF" |
| paul@95 | 231 The text... |
| paul@95 | 232 and more text |
| paul@95 | 233 |
| paul@95 | 234 EOF |
| paul@95 | 235 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 236 <p> |
| paul@101 | 237 To append to the following text file, put two greater than signs |
| paul@95 | 238 (>>) after <code>cat</code>, example: |
| paul@95 | 239 </p> |
| paul@95 | 240 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 241 $ cat >> packages.list << "EOF" |
| paul@95 | 242 The text... |
| paul@95 | 243 |
| paul@95 | 244 EOF |
| paul@95 | 245 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 246 |
| paul@95 | 247 <a name="web-nav"></a> |
| paul@95 | 248 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Navigate the web</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 249 <p> |
| paul@95 | 250 Surf the web quickly and simply with the 'retawq' text-mode web browser. |
| paul@95 | 251 Note that you can also use the local browser. You can then navigate easily |
| paul@95 | 252 with the arrows on your keyboard - links are colored blue and can be |
| paul@95 | 253 followed by pressing <ENTER>: |
| paul@95 | 254 </p> |
| paul@95 | 255 <pre> |
| paul@102 | 256 $ retawq http://www.slitaz.org/en |
| paul@95 | 257 or : |
| paul@95 | 258 $ retawq http://localhost/ |
| paul@95 | 259 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 260 |
| paul@95 | 261 <a name="irc-chat"></a> |
| paul@95 | 262 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Talk on IRC</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 263 <p> |
| paul@95 | 264 To discuss and transfer files via the many IRC servers available, SliTaz |
| paul@95 | 265 provides Rhapsody. The IRC client is simple, fast and lightweight, providing |
| paul@95 | 266 a pleasant, easy to handle ncurses configuration menu. To start the application |
| paul@95 | 267 from a terminal connecting to server (irc.freenode.net) and joining #slitaz: |
| paul@95 | 268 </p> |
| paul@95 | 269 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 270 $ rhapsody |
| paul@95 | 271 /connect irc.freenode.net |
| paul@95 | 272 /join #slitaz |
| paul@95 | 273 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 274 <a name="wget"></a> |
| paul@95 | 275 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Download files</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 276 <p> |
| paul@95 | 277 To download various file formats on the internet, you have the <code>wget</code> |
| paul@95 | 278 command. To grab a simple html page, the contents of a folder or an entire |
| paul@95 | 279 website: |
| paul@95 | 280 </p> |
| paul@95 | 281 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 282 $ wget http://www.slitaz.org/en/doc/handbook/ |
| paul@95 | 283 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 284 |
| paul@95 | 285 <a name="partitions"></a> |
| paul@95 | 286 <h3><font color="#6c0023">List the available partitions</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 287 <p> |
| paul@95 | 288 To list the partitions on an internal or external hard drive, you can use |
| paul@95 | 289 <code>cat</code> to display the contents of <code>/proc/partitions</code> |
| paul@95 | 290 or use the <code>fdisk</code> utility with the <code>-l</code> option |
| paul@95 | 291 meaning <em>list</em>. You can then mount the individual partition(s) |
| paul@95 | 292 that you want to use: |
| paul@95 | 293 </p> |
| paul@95 | 294 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 295 $ cat /proc/partitions |
| paul@95 | 296 or : |
| paul@95 | 297 # fdisk -l |
| paul@95 | 298 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 299 |
| paul@95 | 300 <a name="mount"></a> |
| paul@95 | 301 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Mount a partition, CD or USB drive</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 302 <p> |
| paul@95 | 303 To mount a local partition in the SliTaz filesystem, we advise you to use |
| paul@95 | 304 the /mnt directory. Example creating the necessary directory and mounting |
| paul@95 | 305 the <code>hda6</code> partition of the first local hard drive on /mnt/hda6: |
| paul@95 | 306 </p> |
| paul@95 | 307 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 308 # mkdir -p /mnt/hda6 |
| paul@95 | 309 # mount -t ext3 /dev/hda6 /mnt/hda6 |
| paul@95 | 310 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 311 <p> |
| paul@95 | 312 SliTaz functions in RAM, you can mount the same cdrom or remove it |
| paul@95 | 313 to mount another (/dev/cdrom is a link on the first cdrom drive). |
| paul@95 | 314 Note that a cdrom is a removable medium, it should be |
| paul@95 | 315 mounted on /media: |
| paul@95 | 316 </p> |
| paul@95 | 317 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 318 # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom |
| paul@95 | 319 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 320 <p> |
| paul@95 | 321 To mount a USB or flash drive you must specify the proper filesystem. |
| paul@95 | 322 Normally a USB key is formatted in FAT32 which can be read from GNU/Linux |
| paul@95 | 323 and Windows operating systems. On a GNU/Linux system is it generally |
| paul@95 | 324 recognized as the sda1 device - we now prepare a link <code>sda1</code> on |
| paul@95 | 325 <code>flash</code> to facilitate the task. Note it is also a removable medium |
| paul@95 | 326 and should be mounted on /media: |
| paul@95 | 327 </p> |
| paul@95 | 328 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 329 # mount -t vfat /dev/flash /media/flash |
| paul@95 | 330 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 331 |
| paul@95 | 332 <a name="halt"></a> |
| paul@95 | 333 <h3><font color="#6c0023">Turn off the system or restart</font></h3> |
| paul@95 | 334 <p> |
| paul@95 | 335 To stop or restart SliTaz, you can use the <code>halt</code>, <code>reboot</code> |
| paul@95 | 336 commands or the <Ctrl+Alt+Delete> key combinations, which enable a |
| paul@95 | 337 system reboot. In case of any problems you can use the <code>-f</code> |
| paul@95 | 338 option signifing <em>forced</em>: |
| paul@95 | 339 </p> |
| paul@95 | 340 <pre> |
| paul@95 | 341 # halt |
| paul@95 | 342 To restart : |
| paul@95 | 343 # reboot |
| paul@95 | 344 Or : |
| paul@95 | 345 # reboot -f |
| paul@95 | 346 </pre> |
| paul@95 | 347 |
| paul@95 | 348 <!-- End of content --> |
| paul@95 | 349 </div> |
| paul@95 | 350 |
| paul@95 | 351 <!-- Footer. --> |
| paul@95 | 352 <div id="footer"> |
| paul@95 | 353 <div class="footer-right"></div> |
| paul@95 | 354 <a href="#top">Top of the page</a> | |
| paul@95 | 355 <a href="index.html">Table of contents</a> |
| paul@95 | 356 </div> |
| paul@95 | 357 |
| paul@95 | 358 <div id="copy"> |
| paul@95 | 359 Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.slitaz.org/en/">SliTaz</a> - |
| paul@95 | 360 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>;<br /> |
| paul@95 | 361 Documentation is under |
| paul@95 | 362 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a> |
| paul@95 | 363 and code is <a href="http://validator.w3.org/">valid xHTML 1.0</a>. |
| paul@95 | 364 </div> |
| paul@95 | 365 |
| paul@95 | 366 </body> |
| paul@95 | 367 </html> |
| paul@95 | 368 |